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Al techtree frenchman

Technology chart by Frenchman

Al techtree laine

Technology chart by Laine

Scientific research opens up new options and is critical to securing victory.

(Full technology list here)

To do research, you need to assign scientists to Al icon building labLabs, and assign them technologies to research. Each lab has their own research queue and allows up to 4 scientists to work together on the top item in the queue.

Time and Experience[]

How many research man-days a scientist can cover each day is determined by his/her scientist level, trainings, and difficulty. Multiple scientists' efforts simply add up.

Level 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Man-days per day 1.33 1.43 1.53 1.64 1.75 1.87 2.00 2.15 2.30 2.46 2.63 2.81 3.01 3.22 3.45 3.68 3.94 4.22 4.51 4.83

(details)

Thus, a level 7 scientist can finish Military Training (8 man-days) in 4 days. Four level 7 scientists can finish it in a day.

Researching gives each scientist around 2.5 experience point per hour at Normal difficulty. This experience does not varies; more or less scientist in the labs and difficulty of the research does not change this experience.

Initial[]

When you starts a new game, the following technologies are available for research.

Technology Days Enables
Icon tech medicineMedicine 8 Production and training of Al icon device medkit MedKit and research on stimulants.
Icon tech planetologySurvival Methods 9 Research, production, and training of Spacesuits.
Icon tech martianAutomatic Defense System 14 Research of battle drones.
Icon tech earthFirearms 16 Production and training of projectile firearms.
Icon tech earthMilitary Training 8 Al icon building tactical trainingTactical Training, allowing soldiers to be trained.
Icon tech earthCombat Explosives 30 Production of grenades and research on rockets and mines.
Icon tech planetologyTerraformation 23 Construction of Terraforming Stations.

Full List[]

Technology Days Category Requirements
Accelerated Terraformation 120 Icon tech planetology Planetology Icon tech reticulanIrrigation, Icon tech beastmenMass Breeding, Icon tech martianPlanetary Magnetic Field, Icon tech planetologyTerraformation
Acid Weapons 24 Icon tech beastmen Beastmen Al icon weapon beastman acid grenade Beastman Acid Grenade, Al icon ammo beastman acid ammoBeastman Acid Ammo, Icon tech earthCombat Combustibles, Icon tech interrogationBeastman Alchemist Interrogation, Al icon building pyrotechnics rangePyrotechnics Range
Advanced Earth Technologies 26 Icon tech earth Earth Icon tech earthEarth Technologies, Al icon building data accessoryData Accessory, Al icon eventContact with Laputa
Advanced Firearms 48 Icon tech earth Earth Icon tech earthFirearms, Icon tech earthEarth Technologies, Al icon building shooting rangeShooting Range
Advanced Medicine 90 Icon tech medicine Medicine Icon tech medicineMedicine, Icon tech interrogationBeastman Alchemist Interrogation
Advanced Medium Armor 93 Icon tech planetology Planetology Icon tech interrogationBeastman Commander Interrogation, Icon tech beastmenMedium Armor, Icon tech earthAdvanced Metallurgy, Al icon building mars simulationMars Simulation
Advanced Metallurgy 30 Icon tech earth Earth Icon tech earthEarth Technologies, Icon tech planetologyNoble Metal Mining
Advanced Mining 24 Icon tech planetology Planetology Icon tech reticulanCrystal Mining, Icon tech planetologyNoble Metal Mining, , Terraform 48%
Advanced Optics 44 Icon tech earth Earth Icon tech earthCombat Detection Devices
Advanced Reticulan Technology 20 Icon tech reticulan Reticulan Icon tech reticulanReticulan Technologies, Al icon eventReticulan Archive
Advanced Robot Turret 31 Icon tech earth Earth Icon tech earthBattle Drones
Advanced Stimulants 125 Icon tech medicine Medicine Icon tech medicineStimulants, Icon tech medicineAdvanced Medicine
Alien Biology 23 Icon tech medicine Medicine Al icon eventAcquired First Corpse
Ancient Martian Civilization 31 Icon tech planetology Planetology Two Martian Artifacts from Excavations
Annihilator 90 Icon tech martian Martian Icon tech martianPlasma Principles, Icon tech martianPlasma Weapons Handling, Al icon building shooting rangeShooting Range
Armored Robot Turret 40 Icon tech earth Earth Icon tech earthAdvanced Robot Turret, Icon tech earthAdvanced Metallurgy
Automatic Defense System 14 Icon tech martian Martian -
Battle Drones 24 Icon tech earth Earth Icon tech martianAutomatic Defense System
Battle Robot Turret 85 Icon tech earth Earth Icon tech earthAdvanced Robot Turret, Icon tech earthSupercomputers
Beastman Alchemist Interrogation 34 Icon tech interrogation Interrogation Icon tech autopsyBeastman Autopsy, Al icon building alien interrogationAlien Interrogation, Beastman Alchemist Captive
Beastman Artifact No. 187D 20 Icon tech beastmen Beastmen Al icon loot beastman artifact 187dBeastman Artifact 187D
Beastman Artifact No. 294C 26 Icon tech beastmen Beastmen Al icon loot beastman artifact 294cBeastman Artifact 294C
Beastman Autopsy 18 Icon tech autopsy Autopsy Al icon building pathology departmentPathology Department, Al icon loot beastman soldier corpseBeastman Soldier Corpse
Beastman Commander Interrogation 34 Icon tech interrogation Interrogation Icon tech autopsyBeastman Autopsy, Al icon building alien interrogationAlien Interrogation
Beastman Matriarch Interrogation 44 Icon tech interrogation Interrogation Icon tech autopsyBeastman Autopsy, Al icon building alien interrogationAlien Interrogation
Beastman Plastics 120 Icon tech interrogation Interrogation Icon tech autopsyBeastman Autopsy
Beastman Shaman Interrogation 45 Icon tech interrogation Interrogation Icon tech autopsyBeastman Autopsy, Al icon building alien interrogationAlien Interrogation, Beastman Shaman Captive
Beastman Soldier Interrogation 24 Icon tech interrogation Interrogation Icon tech autopsyBeastman Autopsy, Al icon building alien interrogationAlien Interrogation, Beastman Soldier Captive
Boss Autopsy 31 Icon tech autopsy Autopsy Al icon building pathology departmentPathology Department, Al icon loot boss corpseBoss Corpse
Cloaking 132 Icon tech martian Martian Icon tech earthAdvanced Optics, Icon tech martianEM Principles
Combat Combustibles 24 Icon tech earth Earth Icon tech earthCombat Explosives, Icon tech reticulanRocket-Based Weapons, Al icon building pyrotechnics rangePyrotechnics Range
Combat Detection Devices 12 Icon tech earth Earth Icon tech earthMilitary Training
Combat Explosives 30 Icon tech earth Earth -
Combat Methods against Martians 33 Icon tech martian Martian Icon tech autopsyMartian Autopsy, Icon tech earthAdvanced Metallurgy, Al icon building shooting rangeShooting Range
Communication with Earth 13 Icon tech earth Earth Al icon eventLost Contact with Earth
Computer Aiming Support 91 Icon tech earth Earth Icon tech earthAdvanced Optics, Al icon building shooting rangeShooting Range
Contact Mines 17 Icon tech earth Earth Icon tech earthCombat Explosives, Icon tech earthEarth Technologies, Al icon building pyrotechnics rangePyrotechnics Range
Cooling 33 Icon tech earth Earth Icon tech earthAdvanced Firearms, Icon tech reticulanLaser Weapons
Crawling Drone Disassembly 8 Icon tech martian Martian Al icon loot martian crawling drone wreckMartian Crawling Drone Wreck
Crystal Mining 24 Icon tech reticulan Reticulan Icon tech reticulanReticulan Technologies
Domes 48 Icon tech planetology Planetology Icon tech planetologySurvival Methods, Icon tech reticulanReticulan Technologies
Earth Technologies 16 Icon tech earth Earth Al icon building data accessoryData Accessory, Al icon eventEarth Technologies
Elements of Martian Language 45 Icon tech martian Martian Icon tech martianMartian Archives, Two Martian Artifacts from Excavations
EM Principles 79 Icon tech martian Martian Icon tech martianWritten Martian Language, Al icon building magnetronMagnetron
EM Weapons Handling 60 Icon tech martian Martian Al icon weapon lightning thrower Lightning Thrower, Al icon building shooting rangeShooting Range, Al icon building magnetronMagnetron
EM Weapons Manufacture 106 Icon tech martian Martian Icon tech martianEM Principles, Icon tech martianEM Weapons Handling, Al icon building magnetronMagnetron
Enhanced Robotic Chip Cards 100 Icon tech earth Earth Icon tech earthRobotic Chip Cards, Icon tech earthSupercomputers
Expedition Commander Interrogation 25 Icon tech interrogation Interrogation Icon tech autopsyReticulan Autopsy, Al icon building alien interrogationAlien Interrogation, Expedition Leader Captive
Expedition Soldier Interrogation 30 Icon tech interrogation Interrogation Icon tech autopsyReticulan Autopsy, Al icon building alien interrogationAlien Interrogation, Expedition Soldier Captive
Faster UFO Engine 70 Icon tech reticulan Reticulan Icon tech reticulanReticulan Technologies
Firearm Stabilization 45 Icon tech earth Earth Icon tech earthAdvanced Firearms, Icon tech earthAdvanced Earth Technologies
Firearms 16 Icon tech earth Earth -
Fly Drone Disassembly 8 Icon tech martian Martian Al icon loot martian levitating drone wreckMartian Levitating Drone Wreck
Force Field 135 Icon tech reticulan Reticulan Icon tech reticulanReticulan Energy Sources
Fossil Fuel Origin 16 Icon tech planetology Planetology Level 3Al resource fuelFuel4-7
Fossil Fuel Power Plant 31 Icon tech planetology Planetology Icon tech earthEarth Technologies, Icon tech planetologyFossil Fuel Origin
Gatling Technology 95 Icon tech earth Earth Icon tech earthAdvanced Firearms, Icon tech earthAdvanced Earth Technologies, Icon tech earthAdvanced Metallurgy, Al icon building shooting rangeShooting Range
Heavy Armored Suit 30 Icon tech planetology Planetology Icon tech planetologyHeavy Duty Suit, Icon tech earthAdvanced Metallurgy, Al icon building mars simulationMars Simulation
Heavy Duty Suit 50 Icon tech planetology Planetology Icon tech planetologySurvival Methods, Al icon building mars simulationMars Simulation
Hi-Tech Armored Suit 103 Icon tech earth Earth Icon tech planetologyHeavy Armored Suit, Icon tech earthSupercomputers, Al icon building mars simulationMars Simulation
Humidity Condensation 124 Icon tech reticulan Reticulan Icon tech reticulanReticulan Energy Sources, Terraform 40%
Hyperspace Gates 24 Icon tech planetology Planetology Al icon eventGate Opened
Improved Vehicle Engine 31 Icon tech earth Earth Icon tech earthEarth Technologies, Icon tech reticulanReticulan Technologies
Interrogation Facility 45 Icon tech autopsy Autopsy Icon tech medicineAlien Biology, Al icon eventCaptured First Alien
Irrigation 45 Icon tech reticulan Reticulan Icon tech reticulanHumidity Condensation
Laser Weapons 30 Icon tech reticulan Reticulan Icon tech reticulanReticulan Technologies, Al icon building shooting rangeShooting Range
Lifesupport 42 Icon tech medicine Medicine Icon tech medicineMedicine, Icon tech planetologyHeavy Duty Suit, Al icon building mars simulationMars Simulation
Light Battle Armor 15 Icon tech earth Earth Icon tech planetologySurvival Methods, Al icon building mars simulationMars Simulation, Terraform 70%
Light Open Armor 37 Icon tech planetology Planetology Terraform Stage 3
Lightning Balls 90 Icon tech martian Martian Icon tech martianPlasma Principles, Icon tech martianPlasma Weapons Handling, Icon tech martianEM Weapons Handling
Long-Range Rockets 43 Icon tech earth Earth Icon tech earthRadar, Icon tech reticulanRocket-Based Weapons
Magnetic Pulse Grenades 60 Icon tech martian Martian Al icon weapon martian pulse grenade Martian Pulse Grenade, Icon tech earthCombat Explosives, Icon tech martianEM Weapons Handling
Mars Nature Forces 11 Icon tech planetology Planetology Al icon eventEncountered Natural Force
Martian Archives 45 Icon tech martian Martian Al icon loot martian artifact ne106Martian Artifact NE106, Al icon loot martian artifact rp771Martian Artifact RP771, or Al icon loot martian artifact uw696Martian Artifact UW696
Martian Astronomical Model 18 Icon tech planetology Planetology Icon tech martianElements of Martian Language
Martian Autopsy 25 Icon tech autopsy Autopsy Al icon building pathology departmentPathology Department, Al icon loot martian corpseMartian Corpse
Martian Drones 45 Icon tech martian Martian Icon tech earthBattle Drones, Icon tech martianCrawling Drone Disassembly, Icon tech martianFly Drone Disassembly
Martian Drones' Control 99 Icon tech martian Martian Icon tech martianMartian Drones, Icon tech martianMartian Mech Disassembly
Martian Mech Disassembly 33 Icon tech martian Martian Al icon loot martian mech wreckMartian Mech Wreck
Martian Pet Autopsy 25 Icon tech autopsy Autopsy Al icon building pathology departmentPathology Department, Al icon loot martian plant pet corpseMartian Plant Pet Corpse
Martian Robot Control Device 35 Icon tech martian Martian Al icon device martian robot control Martian Robot Control
Martian Soldier Interrogation 25 Icon tech interrogation Interrogation Icon tech autopsyMartian Autopsy, Al icon building alien interrogationAlien Interrogation, Martian Soldier Captive
Mass Breeding 70 Icon tech beastmen Beastmen Icon tech interrogationBeastman Shaman Interrogation, Al icon building alien interrogationAlien Interrogation, Al icon building pathology departmentPathology Department
Matriarch Autopsy 40 Icon tech autopsy Autopsy Al icon building pathology departmentPathology Department, Al icon loot beastman matriarch corpseBeastman Matriarch Corpse
Medicine 8 Icon tech medicine Medicine -
Medium Armor 69 Icon tech beastmen Beastmen Icon tech interrogationBeastman Plastics, Al icon building mars simulationMars Simulation
Military Training 8 Icon tech earth Earth -
Moons Data Analysis 33 Icon tech planetology Planetology Al icon building supercomputerSupercomputer, Al icon loot artifact fb791Artifact FB791, Al icon loot artifact fr168Artifact FR168
Noble Metal Mining 24 Icon tech planetology Planetology Icon tech reticulanReticulan Technologies
Non-Lethal Combat 44 Icon tech earth Earth Icon tech earthAdvanced Firearms, Icon tech earthCombat Explosives, Icon tech earthSpecial Military Operations, Al icon building tactical trainingTactical Training
Original Inhabitants of Mars 9 Icon tech planetology Planetology Icon tech planetologyAncient Martian Civilization, Icon tech interrogationBeastman Matriarch Interrogation, Icon tech martianWritten Martian Language
Planetary Magnetic Field 88 Icon tech martian Martian Icon tech martianEM Principles, Al icon building mars simulationMars Simulation
Plasma Principles 90 Icon tech martian Martian Icon tech interrogationMartian Soldier Interrogation, Al icon building magnetronMagnetron
Plasma Weapons Handling 62 Icon tech martian Martian Al icon weapon martian plasma cannon Martian Plasma Cannon, Icon tech interrogationMartian Soldier Interrogation, Al icon building shooting rangeShooting Range, Al icon building magnetronMagnetron
Power Lasers 45 Icon tech reticulan Reticulan Icon tech reticulanLaser Weapons, Icon tech reticulanReticulan Energy Sources
Protection from Remote Control 47 Icon tech martian Martian Al icon device martian robot control Martian Robot Control, Al icon eventHuman Robot Controlled
Psi Absorber 90 Icon tech reticulan Reticulan Icon tech reticulanPsi Weapons, Icon tech reticulanAdvanced Reticulan Technology
Psi Weapons 35 Icon tech reticulan Reticulan Al icon weapon psionic weapon Psionic Weapon, and Icon tech interrogationReticulan Commander Interrogation or Icon tech interrogationExpedition Commander Interrogation or
Psionic Healing 26 Icon tech reticulan Reticulan Al icon device psionic healing device Psionic Healing Device, Icon tech interrogationReticulan Commander Interrogation, Icon tech reticulanPsi Weapons
Radar 24 Icon tech earth Earth Al icon eventDefended Territory
Reticulan Autopsy 18 Icon tech autopsy Autopsy Al icon building pathology departmentPathology Department, Al icon loot reticulan corpseReticulan Corpse
Reticulan Commander Interrogation 18 Icon tech interrogation Interrogation Icon tech autopsyReticulan Autopsy, Al icon building alien interrogationAlien Interrogation, Reticulan Commander Captive
Reticulan Energy Sources 70 Icon tech reticulan Reticulan Icon tech reticulanLaser Weapons, Icon tech reticulanAdvanced Reticulan Technology
Reticulan Fusion Reactor 72 Icon tech reticulan Reticulan Icon tech reticulanReticulan Energy Sources
Reticulan Soldier Interrogation 18 Icon tech interrogation Interrogation Icon tech autopsyReticulan Autopsy, Al icon building alien interrogationAlien Interrogation, Reticulan Soldier Captive
Reticulan Technologies 16 Icon tech reticulan Reticulan Ally with Al faction reticulansReticulans or Al faction expeditionExpedition, or acquire Al icon eventReticulan Archive
Robotic Chip Cards 40 Icon tech earth Earth Icon tech earthBattle Drones
Rocket-Based Weapons 24 Icon tech reticulan Reticulan Icon tech earthCombat Explosives, Icon tech reticulanReticulan Technologies, Al icon building shooting rangeShooting Range, Al icon building pyrotechnics rangePyrotechnics Range
Roller Autopsy 25 Icon tech autopsy Autopsy Al icon building pathology departmentPathology Department, Al icon loot roller corpseRoller Corpse
Silent Fire 24 Icon tech earth Earth Icon tech earthAdvanced Firearms
Smell Absorption 33 Icon tech beastmen Beastmen Al icon device beastman smell detector Beastman Smell Detector
Special Military Operations 28 Icon tech earth Earth Icon tech earthMilitary Training, Icon tech earthEarth Technologies
Spider Autopsy 25 Icon tech autopsy Autopsy Al icon building pathology departmentPathology Department, Al icon loot spider corpseSpider Corpse
Spoken Martian Language 90 Icon tech martian Martian Icon tech martianWritten Martian Language, Icon tech interrogationMartian Soldier Interrogation
Stimulants 31 Icon tech medicine Medicine Icon tech medicineMedicine
Supercomputers 89 Icon tech earth Earth Icon tech earthEarth Technologies
Superstimulants 47 Icon tech beastmen Beastmen Icon tech medicineAdvanced Stimulants, Icon tech interrogationBeastman Commander Interrogation
Survival Methods 9 Icon tech planetology Planetology -
Terraformation 23 Icon tech planetology Planetology -
Terraforming Acceptable by Martians 90 Icon tech planetology Planetology Icon tech martianSpoken Martian Language, Icon tech planetologyAccelerated Terraformation, Al icon eventMartians Protest
Transport Suit 8 Icon tech planetology Planetology Icon tech planetologySurvival Methods, Al icon building mars simulationMars Simulation
UFO Cosmic Flights 47 Icon tech reticulan Reticulan Level 7Al resource fuelFuel20+, Al icon eventMoon Visit Request
Warehouse 24 Icon tech planetology Planetology Icon tech planetologyWater Tank Construction, Level 3Al resource metalMetal4-7, Level 3Al resource chemicalChemical4-7, Level 3Al resource fuelFuel4-7
Water Tank Construction 17 Icon tech planetology Planetology Al icon eventAfter First Aqueduct Mission
Worm Autopsy 9 Icon tech autopsy Autopsy Al icon building pathology departmentPathology Department, Al icon loot worm corpseWorm Corpse
Written Martian Language 88 Icon tech martian Martian Icon tech martianElements of Martian Language, Al icon building supercomputerSupercomputer, Al icon loot martian artifact ne106Martian Artifact NE106, Al icon loot martian artifact rp771Martian Artifact RP771, OR Al icon loot martian artifact uw696Martian Artifact UW696

Mandatory[]

This table shows all technologies necessary to secure a game victory. Total 31 technologies, 1399 man-days. (Excluding buildings and stations.)

Icon tech medicineAlien Biology
Icon tech autopsyInterrogation Facility
Icon tech autopsyBeastman Autopsy
Icon tech interrogationBeastman Shaman Interrogation
Icon tech beastmenMass Breeding
Icon tech reticulanReticulan Technologies
Icon tech earthFirearms
Icon tech planetologyTerraformation
Icon tech reticulanLaser Weapons
Icon tech reticulanAdvanced Reticulan Technology
Icon tech reticulanReticulan Energy Sources
Icon tech reticulanHumidity Condensation
Icon tech reticulanIrrigation
Icon tech planetologyNoble Metal Mining
Icon tech earthCommunication with Earth
Icon tech earthEarth Technologies
Icon tech earthSupercomputers
Icon tech martianMartian Archives
Icon tech martianElements of Martian Language
Icon tech planetologySurvival Methods
Icon tech planetologyFossil Fuel Origin
Icon tech planetologyFossil Fuel Power Plant
Icon tech reticulanCrystal Mining
Icon tech martianWritten Martian Language
Icon tech martianEM Principles
Icon tech martianPlanetary Magnetic Field
Icon tech planetologyMartian Astronomical Model
Icon tech reticulanFaster UFO Engine
Icon tech reticulanUFO Cosmic Flights
Icon tech planetologyMoons Data Analysis
Icon tech planetologyAccelerated Terraformation

Note: Fossil plant is required to power Magnetron. You will also need decent equipments to last this long, so the actual list is likely to be far longer.

Research Progress[]

The leader of each team will gives a verbal report of research progress. There are 9 sets of these reports. The following list can be used to check how far the actual progress is.

Normally it is possible to tell the report after 25% of the research is done. Differences between reports are highlighted for easy reference. Of particular note is "We are advancing slowly to the end of the project." - it means 85% done for some projects (#Report 8) and only 50% done for other projects (#Report 9).

  • Report 1
    • 0%   Preliminary research shows that the task is very easy and that the results should be ready soon.
    • 50% Our assumption was right, the research has been simple and its results should soon be ready for use.
  • Report 2
    • 0%   Preliminary research shows that the task is very easy and that the results should be ready soon.
    • 25% We are sorry, but we are not advancing as quickly as we had hoped.
    • 85% Actually, the obstacles were not as difficult as we first feared. The report is almost ready.
  • Report 3
    • 0%   Preliminary research shows that the task is very easy and that the results should be ready soon.
    • 50% Our assumption was right, the research has been simple and results should be available quite soon.
    • 70% Unfortunately, we have got stuck and there is no obvious way to solve the problem.
    • 90% It has cost us a huge effort, but the research will be finished in the foreseeable future.
  • Report 4
    • 0%   We are preparing the necessary experiments.
    • 25% We are sticking to our plan and the research is progressing steadily.
    • 75% We are gathering the results of our investigation.
  • Report 5
    • 0%   We are preparing the necessary experiments.
    • 25% Our team has found the ideal solution, we only need to check a few assumptions.
    • 40% Unfortunately, our hypothesis proved wrong; we need to start again from scratch.
    • 80% In the end, we used most of our previous findings and the research will be finished soon.
  • Report 6
    • 0%   We are preparing the necessary experiments.
    • 25% Our team has found the ideal solution, we only need to confirm a few assumptions.
    • 40% Unfortunately, our hypothesis proved wrong. We need to start right from the beginning again.
    • 80% We have tried almost everything and nothing has worked. I am afraid we will have to give up.
    • 95% It has cost us a huge effort, but the research will be finished in foreseeable future.
  • Report 7
    • 0%   This project appears to be very difficult. We are conducting preliminary tests so we can progress further.
    • 30% We are working very hard, but our theories are leading us nowhere.
    • 85% Eureka! The problem's solution is actually very simple and easy. We will finish the research soon.
  • Report 8
    • 0%   This project appears to be very difficult. We are doing preliminary research so we can progress further.
    • 30% We are working very hard, but our theories are leading us nowhere.
    • 60% We may have the solution, but it is more hope, than certainty.
    • 85% We are advancing slowly to the end of the project.
  • Report 9
    • 0%   This project appears to be very difficult. We are doing preliminary research so we can progress further.
    • 30% There are several alternative ways of bringing this to a conclusion. We are now evaluating which one will be best.
    • 50% We are advancing slowly to the end of the project.
    • 70% Well, there might be small delay in the project, but we are doing our best.
    • 85% We've tried everything and nothing has worked. The research team is getting desperate.
    • 95% It has cost us a huge effort, but research will be finished in the foreseeable future.
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